Negotiation Process Research Articles

Negotiations of heritage in and around locally protected forests in Inhambane province, southern Mozambique

ABSTRACT In this paper, I explore negotiations of heritage in heritage forests from three case studies in southern Mozambique using oral history, field walking, video documentation and conversations. I argue that at local level there are processes of negotiation, authorisation, and legitimacy of heritage in forests. Such local forms of heritage negotiation and heritage discourse are authoritative and need to be recognised in both the planning of heritage conservation, and also in nature conservation. This recognition can strengthen local custodians to safeguard forest patches as locally protected areas, and opening room for heritage practitioners to be engaged by local people in the process of cultural heritage management.

Negotiating converso identities in the inquisition courtroom

Abstract This paper explores the processes of identity construction and negotiation through face work in a Portuguese Inquisition record, corresponding to the trial for Judaism of Catarina de Orta. Concentrating as much on the inquisitor’s questions as on the answers offered by the defendant, I show here that impoliteness and self-politeness co-occur in interaction in the Portuguese Inquisition courtroom discourse. On the one hand, the inquisitor makes abundant use of impoliteness strategies with at least three main aims: to exert his power over the defendant, to trigger specific negative emotions, and to attack her face and her credibility. On the other hand, the defendant’s answers display numerous features of self-politeness, aimed at saving her face from the inquisitor’s attacks and accusations. It is precisely through the interplay of impoliteness and self-politeness that the two competing narratives proposed by the accuser and the defendant are constructed and re-elaborated during every interrogation.

Between control and participation: The politics of algorithmic management

AbstractUnderstanding the role of human management is crucial for the debate over algorithmic management—to date limited to studies on the platform economy. This qualitative case study in logistics reconstructs the actor constellations (managers, engineers, data scientists and workers) and negotiation processes in different phases of algorithmic management. It offers two major contributions to the literature: (1) a process model distinguishing three phases: goal formation, data production and data analysis, which is used to analyse (2) the politics of algorithmic management in conventional workplaces, which differ significantly from platform companies. The article goes beyond surveillance to elucidate the role of the regulatory framework, various actors' knowledge contributions to the algorithmic management system, and the power relations resulting therefrom. While the managerial goals in the examined case were not oriented towards a surveillance regime, the outcome was nevertheless a centralisation of knowledge and disempowerment of workers.

‘Afghanistan’—the transnational connection between Haqqani Network and the Arab World

ABSTRACT This article explores the dynamics in the Haqqani Network’s (HN) connection with the Arab world which influenced the latter’s relationship with Afghanistan. The financial as well as ideological network that was established between the HN and the Arab countries has seen a trajectory from financing the Afghan War during the 1970s to clandestinely supporting the revival of the Taliban insurgency after 2001 and finally, participating in the Afghan peace negotiation process from 2010 onward – partly due to changes in the geopolitical priorities. After the Taliban takeover of Kabul in August 2021, the existing clandestine network is likely to change because many leaders from the Haqqani Network have occupied key positions in the Taliban’s interim government. Moreover, some of the countries from the Arab world are redefining their national interests by bringing significant changes to their foreign policies – which is impacting their interaction with the Taliban-led government in Afghanistan. Despite all this change, the relationship between the Arab world, Haqqani Network, and Afghanistan (including the present Taliban 2) is likely to continue as financial confederates (with the help of both overt and hidden networks) in the present and the future as well.

‘ALERT FOR THE NEIGHBOURS’: NEGOTIATING MUSLIM (NON)REPRESENTATIONS IN AN EAST GERMAN CITY

When it comes to Muslim representational practices in European cities, fears, criticism and scepticism emerge in the public discourse. The aim of this paper is to investigate how Muslim places of prayer are negotiated. By means of a multi-method approach we investigate how Muslim places of prayer in Leipzig become visible. We further question the media’s role in local negotiation processes. The analysis shows that the diverse Muslim places of prayer rather resemble as ‘backyard mosques’ due to financial and structural hurdles as well as conflict avoidance. However, some interviewees explain their satisfaction with the places of prayer, which are places of migration and thus social networks, especially for the first generation. Due to its East German past, Leipzig is experiencing a partly catch-up debate regarding the arrival of Islam through migration. However, religion as culture is giving-way to individual local practices of representation of diverse Muslim people that could be picked up more strongly by the media.

Careers as Social-Symbolic Work: Civilian Criminal Investigators’ Struggle for Legitimacy

The nexus between work and social categories is known to have an impact on how people develop in their careers. The purpose of this study was to examine the conditions for career work undertaken by civilian criminal investigators (CIs) who are currently entering police organizations, complementing police officers in criminal investigations. The empirical study encompassed 71 interviews conducted with both civilian and police CIs in the Swedish police. The conditions for career work were analyzed through a social-symbolic lens, recognizing the impact of both resource distribution and agency in a network of different actors. Furthermore, the contextual nature of career work was examined, highlighting tensions between civilian and police CIs, influenced by gender dynamics and cultural factors. The situatedness and cultural characteristics of the workplace, involving gender and academic and professional background, have divergent outcomes in career work. This research discusses the multifaceted nature of career development among civilian CIs, providing an extended understanding of career as a socially negotiated process and unraveling the mutual influence of organizational dynamics, cultural norms, and resource distribution in shaping individual career trajectories.

Participants’ perceptions of video-enhanced dialogic assessment as reflective practice in international teacher education

ABSTRACT Initial teacher education in England is characterised by lesson observation and assessment of teaching evidence against criterion-referenced teachers’ standards. In UK-based international teacher training, these situated practices are more challenging because of staff and trainees working in different time zones. In 2020, COVID-19 travel restrictions prevented assessors visiting trainees in international schools. Assessment therefore moved to a video-enhanced dialogic assessment process (VEDA), incorporating video-enhanced lesson observation and feedback, along with a dialogic online interview and evaluation of a digital portfolio of evidence. A first cycle of action research carried out in parallel to the change in provision gathered participants’ perceptions from recordings. These are themed around the way that technology supported reflection during assessment, and the holistic nature of this approach. Findings suggest that video-enhanced dialogic assessment allows for a deep and authentic assessment experience, and is a better fit as a reflective pedagogy for assessing teachers than the pre-pandemic approach.

Assessing the viability of virtual structured democratic dialogue

AbstractThe paper examines the impact of virtual rendering of the Structured Democratic Dialogue (SDD) process. The authors discuss the implications of implementing each process stage virtually and suggest necessary adaptations to the relevant practices. They provide recommendations for improving the overall quality of online sessions and propose qualitative and quantitative indicators that can be used to compare and evaluate face‐to‐face and hybrid or virtual implementations. Pertinent indicators include financial cost, completion time, cost of required resources, number of factors generated, Spreadthink, extent, depth and quality of discussions during clustering and mapping stages, number of dimensions identified, number of factors included in the influence map, number of connections in the influence tree, situational complexity indices and degree of agreement on how to move forward. The authors propose that further research and additional case studies can help systems scientists and practitioners converge on reliable and validated criteria and metrics to allow solid assessment of possible quality loss associated with rendering each stage of the SDD process virtual.

Teacher positioning within the figured world(s) of urban school science

AbstractAlthough research has highlighted the challenges of teaching in urban settings, particularly for science teachers, it has paid less attention to the development of science teaching identities in urban settings. This paper situates science teaching identity within societal discourses of science, education, and teaching to explore the ways in which macro‐level discourses influence the positions available to science teachers in urban schools. Using questionnaire data from 64 teachers, discourse analysis is used to demonstrate how participants reinscribe or disrupt prominent macro‐level discourses, including the elitism of science, accountability, and deficit views of urban areas, and the resulting positions that are created by this negotiation process. The findings include possible positions relative to science, education, and teaching as well as a consideration of differences between elementary and secondary teachers and between beginning and experienced teachers. Although many participants successfully disrupted damaging discourses of science as elite and disconnected, as well as discourses of accountability and the role of standardized testing, they were not able to disrupt deficit discourses that resulted in positioning themselves as outside of their students' worlds, often as saviors. The findings demonstrated the strong influence of deficit discourses on teachers' descriptions of their experiences as science teachers and the need to support teachers in understanding the historical and cultural contexts of urban education to identify and disrupt deficit discourses and create teacher positions based on asset and justice‐based views of students, schools, and communities.

Neighborhood-based argumental community support in the context of multi-topic debates

The formal characterization of abstract argumentation has allowed the study of many exciting characteristics of the argumentation process. Nevertheless, while helpful in many aspects, abstraction diminishes the knowledge representation capabilities available to describe naturally occurring features of argumentative dialogues; one of these elements is the consideration of the topics involved in a discussion. In studying dialogical processes, participants recognize that some topics are closely related to the original issue; in contrast, others are more distant from the central subject or refer to unrelated matters. Consequently, it is reasonable to study different argumentation semantics that considers a discussion's focus to evaluate acceptability. In this work, we introduce the necessary representational elements required to reflect the focus of a discussion. We propose a novel extension of the semantics for multi-topic abstract argumentation frameworks, acknowledging that every argument has its own zone of relevance in the argumentation framework, leading to the concepts of neighborhoods and communities of legitimate defenses. Furthermore, other semantic elaborations are defined and discussed around this structure.

Between Tradition and Modernity: Dynamics of Krobo Marriage Rites in the Eastern Region of Ghana

Purpose of the Study: This research delves into the dynamic evolution of marriage rites within the Krobo community in Eastern Ghana, focusing on the 'la-pomi' and 'fia' ceremonies. Methodology: Employing a qualitative approach, the study utilized narrative analysis to capture the intricate perspectives surrounding the 'la-pomi' and 'fia' marriage rites. Twenty-four participants from Krobo-Odumase and its environs, aged between 20 to 60 years, were purposively sampled and interviewed in two phases. Main Findings: The study unveiled a significant transformation in the Krobo marriage rites, from highly structured ceremonies to more adaptable forms blending traditional elements with modern practices. Key factors driving this evolution include urbanization, the influence of Western education, and the interplay with legal frameworks, all contributing to the rites' ongoing adaptation. Despite these changes, a strong commitment to preserving cultural identity remains evident among the Krobo people, showcasing their resilience and innovative approaches to sustaining cultural traditions. Applications of this Study: By highlighting the adaptive strategies employed by the Krobo community, this research contributes to broader discussions on cultural sustainability, identity, and social cohesion in the face of global changes. Novelty/Originality: This research underscores the complex negotiation process between preserving cultural heritage and embracing change, offering a unique perspective on the resilience and dynamism of Krobo cultural practices in a rapidly changing world.

더 나은 기술수업 만들어가기를 위한 실행연구 - 노마드 중학교 사례를 중심으로 -

This study aimed to understand what constitutes better technology classes in middle school
 technology education and to uncover the essence of quality technology education. Employing the
 action research method, with the teacher assuming the role of a researcher, the study explores the
 process of planning, implementing, reflecting on, and re-implementing lessons for class improvement.
 Conducted at G Nomad Middle School, a public alternative education specialized middle school,
 from March 2022 to December 2023 across four semesters, the study collected and analyzed data
 such as class recordings, student interviews, teacher's reflective journals, and class outputs to
 understand the essence of better technology classes.
 Key findings of the study are as follows:
 First, as an initial step in understanding the field to create better technology classes, the
 researchers gained insights into how students at Nomad Middle School perceived technology classes,
 which were described as playful classes, uninteresting classes, and classes where only some
 students participate.
 Second, the process for creating better technology classes was categorized into themes such as
 inviting students to participate in class through dialogue, providing opportunities for reflection
 through online portfolio writing, connecting class with students' lives, providing customized
 assignments and assistance to students, teaching classes that reflect students' preferences,
 incorporating career-related aspects into classes, and providing time and space for technological
 activities.
 Third, implementation resulted in observable changes in the classes, transforming them into
 classes that connect text and context, classes that foster immersion through reflective thinking,
 and classes that recognize each other's existence.
 Fourth, the educational significance of creating better technology classes was discussed within the
 context of three educational essences: interpretive interaction between learning and teaching,
 existential orientation towards better human formation, and dialectical dialogue process.
 This study offers valuable insights for technology teachers striving to enhance their classes and
 researchers exploring the essence of effective technology classes.

Visualizing Farewell: A Jewish Soldier’s Return to Postwar Germany through Private Photography

ABSTRACT This article explores the experience of German-Jewish refugees who joined the U.S. Army and returned to Germany wearing uniforms through an examination of their private photographs. Focusing on two case studies of images taken by soldiers in 1945–6, the study uncovers their complex dynamics of identity and belonging as they confronted their traumatic past. These photographs reveal a profound detachment from sites of Jewish trauma, enabling the soldiers to bid farewell to their old Heimat on their own terms. By shedding light on their struggles, the analysis provides insights into the process of identity formation and memory negotiation.

Focusing on Actors, Scaling-Up, and Networks to Understand Co-Production Practices: Reporting From Berlin and Santiago

In different policy agendas, such as the New Urban Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals, co-production is introduced as a desirable urban planning practice to validate the engagement and inclusion of diverse actors/networks. Nevertheless, some scholars argue (e.g., Watson, Robinson) that the Western planning approach faces difficulties incorporating rationalities beyond the Global North–South division. In this context based on the research project DFG-KOPRO Int for the German Research Foundation on Chilean and German cases and the local context, this article seeks to explore how local groups are undertaking co-production, which means of legitimacy are used, and which socio-spatial results develop. In doing so, the research focuses firstly on the negotiation processes (governance) between stakeholders by undertaking network analysis and, secondly, on understanding the impulse for urban development by analysing the project’s socio-spatial material patterns. Chile’s neoliberal context and the case studies showcase diverse cooperative forms that try to close governance gaps within strong political struggles. In the German context, actors from different areas, such as cultural institutions, universities, and private actors undertake diverse mandates for testing regulatory, persuasive, or financial instruments. As different as local realities are, the overall results show that co-production occurs mostly in highly contested fields such as housing projects and highlights a three-part constellation of actors—state, private, and civil society—in urban development. However, negotiation processes take place, ranging from conflictive to cooperative. Hence, co-production challenges prevailing social and political structures by providing an arena for new forms of collective and pluralistic governance.

‘Why Didn’t You Allocate This Task to Them?’ Negotiation-Aware Task Allocation and Contrastive Explanation Generation

In this work, we design an Artificially Intelligent Task Allocator (AITA) that proposes a task allocation for a team of humans. A key property of this allocation is that when an agent with imperfect knowledge (about their teammate's costs and/or the team's performance metric) contests the allocation with a counterfactual, a contrastive explanation can always be provided to showcase why the proposed allocation is better than the proposed counterfactual. For this, we consider a negotiation process that produces a negotiation-aware task allocation and, when contested, leverages a negotiation tree to provide a contrastive explanation. With human subject studies, we show that the proposed allocation indeed appears fair to a majority of participants and, when not, the explanations generated are judged as convincing and easy to comprehend.

Mentoring in Salary Negotiation for Female Sport Management Students

Female professors continue to make less than their male counterparts. In traditionally male dominated fields, such as sport management, the pay gap can be even greater. To gain further insight into the salary negotiation process, the specific role of mentoring was examined utilizing qualitative research, and specifically semi-structured interviews conducted with female sport management professors. Open-ended coding was employed to analyze the data. Female participants reported they had limited mentoring for the salary negotiation process and felt there were barriers that influenced if mentoring took place. Participants did indicate informal mentoring occurred, and some reported the development of meaningful relationships specifically with major advisors who intentionally provided advice and mentoring related to the salary negotiation process. Being cognizant of gender roles and utilizing mentoring strategies is critical to addressing salary and the continued gap in salary amongst female and male professors in sport management.

The process of implementation of the EU acquis in the national legislation of Ukraine

The article summarizes the process of implementing the EU acquis into the national legislation of Ukraine, as well as the obligations undertaken within the framework of the Association Agreement. Thus, as part of the negotiation process, Ukraine's commitments are grouped into six clusters, which in turn contain 34 chapters. It was found that 80 state authorities assessed the approximation of Ukrainian legislation to EU legislation (self-screening) within six months. According to the results of the inspection, several EU acts do not require implementation into Ukrainian legislation, some acts are subject to further full or partial incorporation, and some of the acts have already been fully implemented into Ukrainian legislation. It was also analysed that the largest number of EU acquis acts, which Ukraine has already fully incorporated into its legislation, relate to the sections «Customs Union», «Statistics», «External Relations», «Food Safety, Veterinary and Phytosanitary Policy» and «Protection of Consumer Rights and Health Care». However, under such sections as «Transport Policy», «Food Safety, Veterinary and Phytosanitary Policy», «Freedom of Movement of Goods», «Freedom of Entrepreneurship and Provision of Services» there is still work to be done in terms of the implementation of EU norms in the internal legislation of Ukraine. In addition, the article also defines the state of implementation of the EU acquis in Ukraine. In addition, the activities of government bodies during 2023 in the process of implementing EU legislation were also analysed. It was found that Ukraine also fulfilled all seven recommendations of the European Commission, which it received during the granting of candidate status. It was also determined that Ukraine, on its way to European integration, continues to fulfill its obligations under the Association Agreement. During the period from 2015 to 2022, Ukraine fulfilled 72% of its obligations.

Association of Launch Price and Clinical Value With Reimbursement Decisions for Anticancer Drugs in China.

To investigate the association of launch price and clinical value with reimbursement decisions for anticancer drugs after the implementation of reimbursement-linked price negotiation in China. Anticancer drugs approved by the NMPA of China from January 2017 to June 2022 were eligible for inclusion. Approval and reimbursement dates of included drug indications were retrieved from publicly available resources. We collected measures of clinical value, including survival, quality of life, and overall response rate from pivotal clinical trials and calculated treatment price at launch. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were employed to estimate the association between launch price, clinical value, and reimbursement decisions of anticancer drugs in China. The median reimbursement lag was 579 days (IQR: 402 - 936) for 93 indications supported by randomized controlled trials and 637 days (IQR 373 - 858) for 42 indications supported by single-arm clinical trials. Reimbursement was granted to 60 (65%) and 23 (55%) indications supported by randomized controlled and single-arm clinical trials, respectively. The launch price of anticancer drugs was not associated with reimbursement decisions in multivariate regression analyses. Indications supported by randomized controlled trials with higher clinical value were more likely to be reimbursed (HR for survival=1.07, 95%CI: 1.00 -1.15, p = 0.037), while the overall response rate of indications supported by single-arm clinical trials was not associated with the likelihood of being reimbursed (HR = 2.09, 95%CI: 0.14 - 32.28, p = 0.595). The launch price of anticancer drugs may not have a significant impact on reimbursement decisions, while the implementation of reimbursement-linked price negotiation in China has prioritized anticancer drugs with higher clinical value, but only for indications supported by randomized controlled trials. Efforts are needed to prioritize indications supported by single-arm clinical trials that have higher value during the process of price negotiation.

Accessing care for Long Covid from the perspectives of patients and healthcare practitioners: A qualitative study.

Long Covid is an emerging long-term condition, with those affected raising concerns about lack of healthcare support. We conducted a qualitative study to identify facilitators and barriers to healthcare access for people with Long Covid, aiming to enhance our understanding of the specific nature of these barriers and how patient experiences may vary. In the context of the Symptoms, Trajectory, Inequalities and Management: Understanding Long-COVIDto Address and Transform Existing Integrated Care Pathways (STIMULATE-ICP) Delphi study, a nationally distributed online survey was conducted. Eight patients and eight healthcare practitioners (HCP) were interviewed via telephone or video call. Framework analysis, sensitised by the candidacy theory, was used to identify barriers and facilitators over four levels of access to care. Three themes were identified: (i) patients' efforts to navigate emerging pathways for Long Covid, (ii) the patient-HCP interaction and (iii) service resources and structural constraints. Barriers to specialist care included long waiting times, communication gaps across services and a lack of continuity in care. Facilitators included collaborative, patient-centred approaches, patients' active role in their healthcare and blended approaches for appointments. The perspectives of both patients and HCPs largely aligned. The candidacy framework was valuable in understanding the experiences of people with Long Covid seeking access to healthcare. Individuals perceived themselves as eligible for care, but they often encountered obstacles in obtaining the expected level of care or, in some cases, did not receive it at all. Our findings are discussed in the context of the candidacy model through multiple processes of identification, negotiation, permeability and appearances at health services. These themes seem to be especially important for the emerging new pathway model and are relevant to both primary and secondary care. This study highlights that despite these interviews being conducted two years after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, people with Long Covid still struggle to access healthcare, emphasising the ongoing need to provide equitable timely healthcare access for people with Long Covid. People with Long Covid advised on all stages of this research.

Bilaterial relations between Ukraine and the European Union

The aim of the work is a comprehensive analysis of bilateral relations between Ukraine and the European Union from the moment of its inception until the decision to start the negotiation process.
 The methodological basis of the study official websites of specialized institutions in Ukraine and the European Union, laws, analytical reports, articles by other scientists, etc.
 Results. According to the results of the conducted research, it was found that Ukraine began to build bilateral relations with the European Union immediately after gaining independence and set the priority of joining European organizations as its key task in foreign policy. The first agreement that regulated relations between the parties was concluded in 1994, the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement, which entered into force in 1998, and under which relations were regulated for ten years. Later, there were difficulties in the process of negotiation, there were difficulties in concluding a new agreement. Therefore, relations between the parties were regulated by the “Ukraine-EU Action Plan”, as well as under additional protocols. Only in 2014, Ukraine and the European Union reached new instrument and signed a new Association Agreement, which became the largest international legal act of Ukraine and the biggest agreement that the EU has ever concluded with a third country. In addition, the new treaty provided for the creation of a free trade zone. In the summer of 2022 Ukraine received the status of a candidate for EU membership.
 Conclusions. As a result of the study, it was founded that Ukraine began to build bilateral relations with the European Union after gaining independence. The first bilateral act, which defined the goals and purpose of this cooperation, was signed in 1994, the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement, the term of which was calculated for ten years. Later, a new stage of negotiations between the parties began. It led to the conclusion of the Association Agreement, the signing of which took place in 2014. It became the fundamental document regulating Ukraine’s cooperation with the European Union in many areas.